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Microsilica (silica fume) is a byproduct from silicon metal or ferrosilicon industries,is an amorphous silicon dioxide â?? SiO2 which is generated as a gas in submerged electrical arc furnaces during the reduction of very pure quartz. As the molten metal is produced, a silica-based gas is emitted. This gaseous fume, as it rises, cools rapidly and forms extremely minute,Amorphous, spherical particles. The microsilica is collected in a bag house, a system for filtering the hot air and gases vented from the furnace. This gas vapor is condensed in bag house collectors as very fine powder of spherical particles that average 0.1 to 0.3 microns in diameter with a surface area of 17 to 30 m2/g.
Microsilica can be used in concrete and refractory materials. Microsilica ,when used in concrete, it can improve concreteâ??s properties such as compressive strength, bond strength and abrasion resistance, reduces permeability,and therefore helps in protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion. At the same time, Microslica can still be used in the procustion of refractory and porcelain, to raise intensity and durability, it also can be used in paint, coating resin rubber and other high molecular as a filler material to improve the material overall performance.
JP-54 is a specialized type of aviation fuel, often referred to as a "blended kerosene" or "aviation turbine fuel." It is commonly used in Russia and some CIS countries as an alternative to Jet A1 or Jet A. While it is not as widely recognized internationally as Jet A1, it is still a critical fuel for certain aviation operations. Below is a detailed description of JP-54:
1. Composition: Kerosene-Based: JP-54 is primarily a kerosene-type fuel, similar to Jet A1, but it may have a slightly different composition or blending ratio.
Additives: It may contain additives to improve performance, such as:
Antioxidants: To enhance fuel stability.
Corrosion inhibitors: To protect fuel system components.
Static dissipaters: To reduce the risk of static electricity buildup.
2. Key Properties:
Flash Point: Typically above 38C (100F) Ensures safety during handling and storage.
Freezing Point: Generally higher than Jet A1, around -40C (-40F) Suitable for use in moderate climates but may not perform as well in extremely cold conditions compared to Jet A1.
Density: Approximately 775-840 kg/m at 15C Similar to Jet A1, providing a good balance of energy content and combustion efficiency.
Energy Content: Comparable to Jet A1, around 43 MJ/kg Delivers sufficient energy for aircraft operations.
Jet Fuel A1 is a highly refined kerosene-based fuel specifically designed for use in commercial and military turbine-powered aircraft. It is the most commonly used jet fuel worldwide and adheres to strict international specifications to ensure safety, performance, and reliability. Below is a detailed description of its key characteristics:
1. Composition: Kerosene-Type Fuel: Jet A1 is a refined kerosene with a specific carbon chain length (C8 to C16), making it suitable for high-altitude and high-performance aviation.
Additives: It may contain additives such as:
Antistatic agents: To prevent static electricity buildup.
Antioxidants: To improve fuel stability.
Corrosion inhibitors: To protect fuel system components.
Fuel system icing inhibitors (FSII): To prevent ice formation in fuel lines.
2. Key Properties: Flash Point: Minimum 38°C (100°F) Ensures safety by reducing the risk of fire during handling and storage.
Freezing Point: Maximum -47°C (-53°F) Allows the fuel to remain fluid at high altitudes where temperatures can drop significantly.
Density: 775-840 kg/m at 15°C Provides a balance between energy content and combustion efficiency.
Energy Content: Approximately 43.15 MJ/kg Delivers high energy output for efficient aircraft operation.
3. Sulfur Content: Ultra-Low Sulfur: Typically contains less than 0.3% sulfur by mass, reducing emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx) and minimizing environmental impact.
Fuel Oil D6, also known as Bunker C or Residual Fuel Oil, is a high-viscosity, heavy fuel oil primarily used in industrial boilers, large ships, and power plants. It is a residual product of crude oil refining, making it a cost-effective yet energy-dense fuel for large-scale energy production.
Key Characteristics: High Energy Content â?? Provides efficient and sustained energy output.
Thick & Viscous â?? Requires preheating before use due to its high viscosity.
Sulfur Content Variability â?? Available in both high-sulfur and low-sulfur grades to meet environmental regulations.
Residual Fuel â?? Contains heavier hydrocarbons, making it less refined but more economical.
Specifications: Appearance: Dark brown to black viscous liquid
Viscosity: Requires heating to 100-150�°C for proper flow
Sulfur Content: Varies by region and regulation (0.5% - 3.5%)
Density: Approx. 0.96 - 1.02 g/cm�³
Flash Point: Above 60�°C
Heating Value: ~39-41 MJ/kg
Applications: Marine Fuel (Bunker Fuel): Used in large vessels and cargo ships.
Power Plants: Commonly burned in steam power plants for electricity generation.
Industrial Boilers & Furnaces: Provides a cost-effective fuel source for large-scale heating.
Storage & Handling: Stored in heated tanks to maintain fluidity. Requires special handling due to high viscosity. Compliance with environmental regulations for sulfur emissions.
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