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In practical work, due to the limited conditions, the purpose of safe operation can not be achieved only by shortening the contact time and increasing the distance.
For example, a large 60 Co irradiation source is installed indoors, and the maximum distance from the staff is only a few meters. The dose equivalent at the staff may be more than 1 Xi / s, and it is dangerous to stay there for one second. Therefore, the above two methods are not applicable, and shielding protection must be adopted. Shielding protection is to add a layer of shield (weakening material) with sufficient thickness between people and radiation sources according to the principle that radiation is weakened when passing through substances, so as to reduce the external radiation dose below the control standard, so as to protect human safety.
The material used for shielding is determined according to different properties, types and output of rays, and its thickness is determined according to the control level. In external radiation protection, the above basic measures must be reasonably applied according to the actual situation. When solving specific protection problems, these measures are often used in combination. For external radiation protection, in addition to the above basic measures, it is also necessary to do a good job in the protection training of staff, monitor the working environment and personal dose, and shield or remove temporarily useless or redundant radioactive substances in time. In addition, any interaction between ionizing radiation and air will produce some harmful gases, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. At the same time, substances (including air and dust) irradiated by high-energy charged particle beam, neutron beam or high-energy photon beam may also induce induced radioactivity.
Therefore, when applying external ionizing radiation sources, in addition to paying attention to the radiation protection of external radiation, corresponding other measures (such as ventilation) must be taken to prevent the damage of internal radiation, harmful gases and other harmful factors to human body
